Asthma

Asthma is a chronic condition involving the respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict, become inflamed, and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more triggers.[1] These episodes may be triggered by such things as exposure to an environmental stimulant such as an allergen, environmental tobacco smoke, cold or warm air, perfume, pet dander, moist air, exercise or exertion, or emotional stress. In children, the most common triggers are viral illnesses such as those that cause the common cold.[2] This airway narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The airway constriction responds to bronchodilators. Between episodes, most patients feel well but can have mild symptoms and they may remain short of breath after exercise for longer periods of time than the unaffected individual. The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of drugs and environmental changes.
Public attention in the developed world has recently focused on asthma because of its rapidly increasing prevalence, affecting up to one in four urban children.[3]
Contents[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Cause
2.1 Environmental
2.2 Genetic
2.3 Gene-environment Interactions
3 Pathophysiology
3.1 Bronchoconstriction
3.2 Bronchial inflammation
3.3 Stimuli
3.4 Pathogenesis
3.5 Asthma and sleep apnea
3.6 Asthma and gastro-esophageal reflux disease
4 Diagnosis
4.1 Differential diagnosis
5 Prevention
5.1 Trigger avoidance
5.2 Air Filters
6 Treatment
6.1 Medical
6.2 Pharmaceutical
6.3 Long-acting β2-agonists
6.4 Emergency
6.5 Non-medical treatments
6.6 Treatment controversies
7 Prognosis
8 Epidemiology
8.1 Population disparities
8.2 Socioeconomic factors
8.3 Asthma and athletics
9 History
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
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