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Asthma is a chronic condition involving the respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict, become inflamed, and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more triggers.[1] These episodes may be triggered by such things as exposure to an environmental stimulant such as an allergen, environmental tobacco smoke, cold or warm air, perfume, pet dander, moist air, exercise or exertion, or emotional stress. In children, the most common triggers are viral illnesses such as those that cause the common cold.[2] This airway narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The airway constriction responds to bronchodilators. Between episodes, most patients feel well but can have mild symptoms and they may remain short of breath after exercise for longer periods of time than the unaffected individual. The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of drugs and environmental changes.
Public attention in the developed world has recently focused on asthma because of its rapidly increasing prevalence, affecting up to one in four urban children.[3]
Contents[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Cause
2.1 Environmental
2.2 Genetic
2.3 Gene-environment Interactions
3 Pathophysiology
3.1 Bronchoconstriction
3.2 Bronchial inflammation
3.3 Stimuli
3.4 Pathogenesis
3.5 Asthma and sleep apnea
3.6 Asthma and gastro-esophageal reflux disease
4 Diagnosis
4.1 Differential diagnosis
5 Prevention
5.1 Trigger avoidance
5.2 Air Filters
6 Treatment
6.1 Medical
6.2 Pharmaceutical
6.3 Long-acting β2-agonists
6.4 Emergency
6.5 Non-medical treatments
6.6 Treatment controversies
7 Prognosis
8 Epidemiology
8.1 Population disparities
8.2 Socioeconomic factors
8.3 Asthma and athletics
9 History
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
//
Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the cells of the breast in women and men.[1] Worldwide, breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer after lung cancer (10.4% of all cancer incidence, both sexes counted)[2] and the fifth most common cause of cancer death.[3] In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths worldwide (7% of cancer deaths; almost 1% of all deaths).[3]
Because the breast is composed of identical tissues in males and females, breast cancer also occurs in males.[4][5] Incidences of breast cancer in men are approximately 100 times less common than in women, but men with breast cancer are considered to have the same statistical survival rates as women.[6]
Contents[hide]
1 Classification
1.1 Pathologic types
2 Signs and symptoms
3 Epidemiology and etiology
4 Prevention
4.1 Phytoestrogens and soy
4.2 Folic acid (folate)
4.3 Avoiding exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke
4.4 Oophorectomy and mastectomy
4.5 Medications
4.5.1 Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
5 Screening
6 Diagnosis
7 Staging
7.1 Hormone receptors
7.2 HER2
8 Treatment
9 Prognosis
9.1 Psychological aspects of diagnosis and treatment
9.2 Racial disparities in diagnosis and treatment
10 Metastasis
11 History
12 Cultural references
13 Gallery
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_KalamPulling Out All The [Human] Network Stops in Router Launch
On the Business Communicators on Second Life Blog, contributor Linda Zimmer writes, " Cisco walked the walk yesterday by putting the brand squarely into the virtual spaces its next-generation router will power.
"Cisco went all out launching the ASR 1000, a new router technology that combines the new Cisco "Quantum Flow Processor" with a secure, scalable, compact, router. In essence, this is the network router that was built to power the Internet of Web 2.0+, virtual reality and our emerging visual, instant and media-rich applications (read high bandwidth applications)…
…"Here they have a new technology link in the chain that keeps us all connected, and Cisco actually launched it using all the very "stuff" that is driving the need for this technology – visual, rich, social, sharable media.
Yes, there was the big event in Second Life sporting everything SL has to offer: a music festival, streaming video, streaming audio, a cool "Quantum Shift experience" build, a launch announcement/presentation in SL, including the unveiling tour of the virtual Quantum Shift information space, and in-world "social press" interviews with Cisco executives.
And then there were the:
Flash-based micro web site with sound effects and video vignettes of network "uber users"
Video clips of uber users posted to YouTube
Creation of the tag "uberusers"
Flickr pool
EdgeQuest Flash game
Facebook Support Group for Uber Users Internet Addicts (546 members), with embedded videos, photos, EdgeQuest game link, discussion board invitation to submit Top Signs You are an Internet Addict
Online video broadcast launch events with Q&A in 19 languages (I believe there were three)
Three "follow the sun" Telepresence sessions for international customers
A web widget (although I have not been able to view it in my browser)
A social media press release
Customer videos in the Cisco newsroom
Podcast in the Cisco newsroom
"So, the Quantum Shift collaborative 'narrative' begins. From a 'virtual marketing' perspective, the narrative is a key "best principles" element. Cisco planted the seeds and integrated the methods for a collaborative narrative to emerge – not around the product, but around an idea.
"Clearly Cisco is marketing a product – how successful the product will be is a function of many market factors. But the "idea" transcends the ASR 1000 – and that is where Cisco has it all right – understanding the importance of narrative for its customers, and for its success of its product marketing.
"The ASR 1000 "idea" is: we’re all happier when our networks work better…
…"Cisco is clearly committed to the value of direct connections for itself and for network users at all levels. Cisco fosters community and deep listening relationships with their customers – and their customer's customers. Webster suggested it is the consumer who is leading the charge forcing new technologies and behaviors into the enterprise rather than the other way around. While this presents new challenges for the enterprise, it also means the influence of the customer goes well beyond 'the conversation' and reaches deep into the enterprise. Cisco embraces that influence strategically.
"Renaud believes 'talking to customers has been priceless' for Cisco in finding new markets for the company.
"Second Life alone has proved to be a learning ground for innovation for the company, according to Renaud, but it is only one channel Cisco uses to build its various communities. Webster says that SL is simply another way to engage its customers and ‘if it is important to our customers, it is important to Cisco.'
"Cisco will be participating as the narrative plays out in the connected marketplace. They are using the human network to empower the human network, so that we each can use it in our own personal ways. Yes. We're all happier when our networks work better."
Read the entire entry
http://www.cisco.com/web/thehumannetwork/index.html
By: Aaron Muller
In today’s marketplace, the sale and purchase of businesses occurs quite often at all different levels including anywhere from small, privately owned companies to large corporate conglomerates. Regardless of the type of business one owns, there are a few tips one should follow when selling their business. The following paragraphs will highlight some of these handy guidelines.
Make the Necessary Preparations
Prior to the day in which the business changes hands, it is important that the soon to be ex-business owners take the necessary steps in order to ensure that the transaction goes smoothly. This should be done before the individual business owner even finds a buyer for the business as a company that can stand on its own, independent from the current owner, has an extremely attractive quality to it. Therefore, it is important to make the business as self-sufficient as possible prior to the sale.
The Asking Price Should Be Reasonable
Although most individuals would like to get as much money as possible for their business sale, it is crucial that the current owner of the business present an asking price that is a reasonable one. Not only will a reasonable price attract a good number of potential buyers but it shows the mindset of the current owner as well. Dealing with a fair individual is something that most people would like to do when it comes to business purchases.
Present Current and Clear Financial Documents
At some period during the sale discussions, the potential buyer will want to know quite a bit about the financial background of the company itself. Questions regarding annual revenue, expenses and so on will be asked and for this reason it is important that the current owner of the business has the answers to those questions. The best way in which to have the answers prepared is to use a spreadsheet method which clearly and concisely lays out all of the pertinent information so that the potential buyer can understand the background of the business.
Remove Items That Are Out of Date and Not In Use
Another tip for current business owners to keep in mind when they are trying to sell their business is to remove any equipment from the office which is archaic or not in use. By clearing these items out of the office area, it makes the office look much more presentable to potential buyers who may stop by to see what type of business is being run by the current owner.
Maintain Usual Business Standards and Then Some
From time to time, when business owners know that they are going to be selling their business in the near future, they may tend to relax a bit and not keep up with sales as they used to. This can be detrimental to the current owner, especially if they have not obtained a purchaser at that point in time. Keeping the business in good running order, if not better, is the best way to help aid in the sale of one’s business. A prospective buyer usually wants to purchase a business that yields good returns and has a good reputation with the general business market. Therefore, maintaining one’s business standards to the best of their ability is extremely beneficial to the current owner of the business.
Keep the Potential Sale Confidential
Keep in mind that a sale is not final until all of the necessary paperwork has been signed. Therefore, it is crucial that while the sale negotiations are taking place the current business owner does not leak the news that a potential sale may be in the works. Doing so may not only hinder the current deal but scare employees, customers and other business associates. Confidentiality is something which the business owner should maintain at all costs.
Review All Aspects of the Deal
Although the price of the sale transaction is what really peaks the interest of those participating in the sale, it is extremely important to review and know about all of the specific details regarding the deal. As the price is only a small portion of many business sales transactions, it is pertinent for the business owner to review the sales agreement to know what the end result will be.
Seek Professional Advice
Lastly, business owners who are looking to sell their business should do all that they can to obtain professional advice regarding the business transaction. Accountants, lawyers and business brokers are some of the various parties which business owners should consult before, during and after the sales transaction to ensure that they are covered every step of the way.
Business owners who take heed of the previously mentioned tips may find that the sale of their business will flow that much more smoothly throughout the entire length of the transaction.
Pregnant women with HIV who are diagnosed early and properly treated can deliver healthy children. A study by University College London examined 5151 HIV positive pregnancies between 2000 and 2006.
Women who got proper treatment during pregnancy delivered only 1.2% HIV positive infants. This is a significant improvement, compared to 1990s when mother to child HIV transmission rates were 20%.
The study found that the key to success is the combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and antenatal testing for HIV.Antenatal testing diagnoses HIV in very early stages before the disease seriously affects health.
In 2000 HIV early diagnosis rates were 70%, compared to 95% in 2005. The testing method is very successful in early detection, giving more survival chances to patients.Antiretroviral therapy is very successful when given during at least the last 14 days of pregnancy. ART cuts the risk of mother to child HIV transmission to 0.8%. It is known that C-section delivery cuts the risk for HIV infant delivery, but the study suggests that a proper treatment can allow natural delivery of healthy children.
The study is very promising, but it also mentions that the combined treatment is very expensive even for those living in developed countries. Only 10% of women in these countries can afford such treatment. This is why about 1800 HIV infected infants are born each day.The study urges the need that the treatment must be affordable for all women.
This combined treatment can significantly reduce mother to child HIV transmission rates and ensure delivery of healthy infants. This means that the treatment is extremely important to have a healthy population.
Source: http://www.huliq.com/58970/mother-child-hiv-transmission-can-be-prevented
The term sinusitis is one many individuals have heard mentioned in the past yet may be unsure as to the true definition. Those who have been diagnosed with sinusitis may also be in the dark with regard to what causes sinusitis, the symptoms surrounding this medical condition and some of the more frequently cited treatment methods for sinusitis. It is important to look at all aspects surrounding this common medical condition in order to be better informed with regard to what causes it, what the most often cited symptoms are and how to treat sinusitis.
Where the Sinuses Are Located
Prior to delving into the true condition of sinusitis, it is important to know where the sinuses on an individual are located. The sinuses are in fact air chambers located behind the facial bones in the area around the eyebrows, cheeks and jaw. These air chambers produce mucus which is responsible for clearing the bacteria out of the air which one breathes in on a daily basis. The cilia, which are small hairs in the nose, are then responsible for sweeping the mucus out of the nasal passages.
Definition of Sinusitis
Now that the true location of the sinuses has been disclosed, it is now time to define the medical condition known as sinusitis. Sinusitis can be described as an inflammation of the sinuses. This is a condition which is quite bothersome to the individuals experiencing it and can be a bit painful as well. The severity of sinusitis is different with each case thereof and varies from individual to individual experiencing this medical condition.
Causes of Sinusitis
Many individuals wonder what type of things cause an individual to develop sinusitis. There are quite a few frequently cited reasons for coming down with sinusitis. The main causes of sinusitis relate to things which cause swelling of the sinuses or prohibiting the free movement of the cilia. Certain causes are a change in air pressure, change in temperature, use of nasal sprays on a frequent basis, swimming and smoking. All of these factors will somehow negatively affect the proper operation of the sinuses. Sinusitis can also lead to sinus infections whereby an individual suffers sinus problems due to bacteria or a viral infection. These often come about after an individual has just gotten over a cold.
Treatment for Sinusitis
There are ways individuals who are plagued with sinusitis can help themselves get over a medical condition of this type. Some treatment methods which are recommended for alleviating sinusitis include getting plenty of rest by lying on your side, drinking fluids including hot liquids, warm compresses or inhaling steam to lessen the pressure of the sinusitis, saline solution rinses and taking acetaminophen for the pain.
Acute Sinusitis
There is a particular type of sinusitis known as acute sinusitis. Acute sinusitis occurs when an individual is starting to get over a current cold and it changes course and gets worse as opposed to getting better. Some of the symptoms of acute sinusitis may include pain and pressure in the facial region, pain in the forehead when leaning down, stuffy nose, aching in the teeth and fever. The main treatment method for acute sinusitis is antibiotics.
Surgical Options
With regard to individuals who suffer from nagging chronic sinusitis, there are surgical options available. The main type of surgery is a nasal surgery meant to fix the problem. However, this type of surgery should only be considered in serious circumstances and should not be a treatment method for random incidences of sinusitis. Those who may wish to learn more about nasal surgery options for chronic sinusitis can speak with their medical health professional about surgery of this kind.
Preventing Sinusitis
For those who have suffered from sinusitis in the past or even those who may have never had it, there are ways to help prevent sinusitis from occurring. The first way is to avoid smoking. Smoking is a big cause of sinusitis and other sinus problems. Not only will quitting smoking help to prevent sinusitis issues but will also provide other positive health benefits as well.
Another way to help combat sinusitis and prevent it from occurring in the first place is to avoid excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays. Occasional use of sprays of this type may be alright for an individual; however, frequent use of decongestant nasal sprays has been linked to bouts of sinusitis in individuals.
Summary
Sinusitis is a medical condition which can range from slight annoyance to a painful persistent medical problem. The best way to diagnose and treat sinusitis is to inquire with one’s medical health professional regarding the symptoms being experienced to make sure that it is in fact sinusitis and see what the doctor can prescribe in the way of treatment methods.
Although nothing is mind-boggling or mysterious about flying, there is much to learn -- just as there is in learning to drive a car. As you learn to fly step by step, you'll find your training enjoyable and challenging.
Although airplanes have been a part of our society for more than 85 years, most people have only a vague idea of the basic principles of flight. Flight may seem complicated, but in fact it's based on some simple laws of nature.
The principle of lift
When you examine a cross-section of an airplane's wing, or airfoil, you'll notice that the top part is curved and the bottom part is relatively flat. This special shape creates lift, which makes the airplane fly.
As the wing moves forward, the air flowing over the top travels faster than the air flowing beneath, resulting in a lower pressure area above the wing. The relative pressure differential provides the upward force called lift. Lift is basic to flying.
Lift and gravity
In order for an airplane to climb, lift must be greater than gravity, the force that holds objects on the earth.
For an airplane to maintain level flight at a particular altitude, lift and gravity must be the same, or in equilibrium. When gravity is greater than lift, the airplane will descend.
Thrust and drag
As an airplane moves forward, the wing produces lift. The force of forward movement is called thrust, and it's created by the engine-driven propeller or a jet engine.
Like the wing, the propeller is also an airfoil. As it rotates, it creates "lift" in a forward direction that is called thrust. Thrust overcomes drag (resistance of an object toward movement).
When thrust is greater than drag, during takeoff, for instance, the airplane's speed increases. When thrust and drag are equal, the airplane maintains the same speed. Whenever drag is greater than thrust, the plane slows down.
Lift, gravity, thrust, and drag are the four forces acting upon the airplane. You'll learn to understand them thoroughly as you advance in your study of flight.
The parts of an airplane
An airplane, of course, is more than a wing, a propeller, and an engine.
The body of the airplane, which holds the pilot, passengers, and baggage, is called the fuselage.
The tail of the airplane is called the empennage, and it consists of the horizontal and vertical surfaces called stabilizers. They create the stability necessary to use the lift and thrust created by the wing and the engine-driven propeller.
Parts of the wing, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer are moveable to provide the pilot with the means to control the airplane. These control surfaces are called ailerons on the wings, elevators on the horizontal stabilizer, and rudder on the vertical stabilizer.
You'll become as familiar with the workings of these different parts as you are with the operation of a car.
Control
As the pilot, you control the airplane, and determine how it flies. The different movements of your controls will cause corresponding movements in the airplane. Here are some basic airplane movements.
Pulling the control wheel toward you raises the elevator, which in turn forces the tail down and the nose up. This serves to create more lift than gravity and the airplane will climb. To help produce the extra lift needed in the climb, you usually need additional power from the engine, which you achieve by using the throttle control. Pushing the control wheel away from you lowers the elevator, forcing the tail up and the nose down. This reduces the lift, and gravity makes you descend.
The rudder pedals control the movement of the plane from right to left in much the same way as the rudder of a boat. Pushing the right rudder pedal forces the nose of the airplane to the right, and the left rudder pedal produces the same movement to the left.
Turning the control wheel moves the ailerons in opposite directions, enabling you to raise or lower either the right or left wing which enables the airplane to turn faster than using rudder only.
To change the attitude of the airplane, its relationship to the horizon, you simply use the control surfaces and the power of the airplane. It's an exercise in coordination, much like riding a bicycle. Your flight instructor will discuss with you how these simple movements can be combined to maneuver the airplane.
The basic flight instruments
Although the instrument panel of an airplane may confuse you at first, you'll soon be familiar with the dials and switches and the valuable information they provide. The basic flight instruments are as follows:
Magnetic compass -- Like the compass you have seen in a car or boat, it tells you the airplane's heading -- the direction it's flying. It requires no power source.
Airspeed indicator -- It shows the speed of the airplane through the air.
Attitude indicator -- This instrument is like the horizon you see looking out from the pilot's seat. It tells you whether the nose of the airplane is pointed above or below the horizon and whether the airplane is turning (banking) to the left or right (left wing down or right wing down).
Altimeter -- This instrument shows the airplane's altitude in feet above sea level.
Vertical speed indicator -- This instrument tells you how quickly you're climbing or descending in feet per minute. When you're in level flight, it reads "0".
Heading indicator (directional gyro) -- This instrument is another compass. It shows the direction that the airplane is flying. It's usually bigger and easier to read than the magnetic compass, but requires some source of power to work.
Turn coordinator -- When you're turning the airplane, this instrument shows the rate and the direction of the turn. In this way you can adjust to a slower or faster rate of turn.
After your first few flights, you'll be thoroughly familiar with these instruments and how they work together with the airplane's control surfaces.
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